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Authors
Khater, Ahmed Adel Naguib
Fadl, Ahmad Khaled Abo El
Nouh, Ingy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ain Shams University
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 5 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective in-vitro study was conducted using previously extracted human teeth collected for reasons unrelated to the present research. No human participants were directly involved, and no identifiable personal data were used. The Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (FDASU-Rec: EM122231) waived the requirement for written informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized extracted teeth.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
