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Authors
Osama, Almustafa https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0838-8701
Zhang, Hai Juan
Musa, Mazen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-6314
Nasih, Mahmoud
Zheng, Cheng Dong
Ren, Yu Han
Wang, Shuang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
This work was supported by the Shaanxi program on key research and development projects; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Dental Diseases. ((2018SF-031);(2020YHJB10))
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was ethically approved by the Stomatological Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical Ethics Committee under the ethical approval number: 2024-XJKQIEC-KY-QT-0035–002. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
