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Authors
Xu, Yifei
Yang, Lin
Wu, Juanjuan
Fathaniard, Arsy Huda
Zhao, Nanyang
Gao, Hangfan
Zhang, Liangsa
Wang, Ruixin
Chen, Liming
Dai, Taiming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Health Department (gzwkj2024-453)
the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Health Department (gzwjkj2025-450)
Oral Health Epidemiology Survey Project of Guizhou Province (gzwjkj2019-1-173)
the Science and Technology Program of Guiyang City (2022-7-5)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was evaluated and approved by the Guiyang Stomatological Hospital Ethical Review Committee (No. GVSKLL-KY-20190524-01). The research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Medical Practitioners, Regulations on Administration of Medical Institutions, Standards for Quality Control of Drug Clinical Trials, Guidelines for Ethical Review of Clinical Trials of Pharmaceuticals, the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, the WHO Guidelines for Ethical Review of Biomedical Research, and the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, among other relevant national and international regulations and guidelines. Written informed consent is obtained from parents of minor participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
