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Authors
Zhang, Ping
Sun, Degang
Wu, Han
Wang, Hongyu
Pan, Jie
Wu, Yingtao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical and Health Scientific Research Project of Qingdao (2023-WJZD153)
Medical and Health Scientific Research Project of Qingdao (2023-WJZD150)
Qingdao Key Medical and Health Discipline Project (2025-2027)
Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of Oral Medicine (2025-2027)
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee at Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University (2024KQYX025). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants who were under the age of 16, consent was provided by their parent or legal guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
