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Authors
Bhadila, Ghalia Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-9221
Alzain, Ibtesam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-354X
Babader, Rahaf A.
Almolhem, Arruh F.
Felemban, Osama M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-5735
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (IPP: 1471-165-2025)
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital (KAUDH) with an approval #85–09-24. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from the participants’ parents or legal guardians.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
