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Authors
Saleem, Abida https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-5275
Hasan, Syeda Rabbab https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1985-4686
Jabeen, Nusrat https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7137-2596
Musharraf, Sadia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7552-4739
Shafique, Hafiza Zobia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6791-047X
Bibi, Khadija https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4340-4163
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Article History
Received: 24 September 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval (IRB #0322 − 22) was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants for the use of their extracted teeth for research purposes. For participants under 16 years of age, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. No identifiable personal data was collected or used in this research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
