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Authors
Samani, Dorsa
Torab, Ali
Mahboub, Farhang
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective in-vitro study used only de-identified extracted human teeth obtained from the orthodontic archive; no living human participants were recruited. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (approval code: IR.TBZMED.REC.1401.295). The Research Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences waived the requirement for written informed consent because the teeth were de-identified and had been extracted for reasons unrelated to this research. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
