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Authors
Yang, Yuqian
Zhao, Jian
Qin, Biaojie
Xu, Zhaoyi
Wu, Lei
Shi, Wenjing
Sun, Zhichao
Zhang, Rui
Huang, Haitao
Chen, Gang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: The pulp tissue was derived from orthodontic teeth or third molars extracted for therapeutic purposes from the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, and the pulp tissue used met the relevant ethical requirements of the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (PJ-KS-KY-2019-174). A total of 12 SPF male BALB/c-nu mice purchased from Beijing Weitong Lihua Technology Co., Ltd., 8 weeks old, mass 18–22 g, license number: SYXK (Beijing) 2021-0006. The animal experiment plan was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Dalian Medical University, and the approval number is AEE22081. The experimental process followed the International Association of Veterinary Editors Consensus on Authors’ Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welfare and local and national regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
