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Authors
Diao, Yuying
Xu, Yichen
Wang, Haiyang
Qi, Shengcai
Zhang, Wei
Wang, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202140504)
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (21DZ2301400)
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai Institute of Dental Disease Prevention and Treatment (Batch No.: Hukou Fang Lun Shen (2021) No. 011). All participants were informed about the study objectives and protocols, and provided their written consent prior to participating in study activities.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
