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Authors
Xu, Lehan
Lu, Xiao
Wang, Sijie
Zheng, Fu
Chen, Xiaoyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82271008)
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
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: The present retrospective study was conducted in full accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, ethical approval was obtained from the Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and ethical approval was granted (Date: January 11, 2023; Approval No: I20220840). The informed consent form, completed and taken from all patients and their legal guardians during the initial examination, included a statement that the patients’ radiographic images could be used anonymously for scientific research. Archival data was accessed only after approval. The clinical trial number is not applicable, as the study doesn’t include any interventions.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
