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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve any human participants, identifiable personal data, or experimental interventions. All videos analyzed were publicly accessible and available without restriction on YouTube™ and TikTok™. According to institutional and national research ethics guidelines, research based solely on publicly available data does not require institutional review board (IRB) approval. Therefore, ethical approval was not applicable and was not obtained.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.