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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 6 March 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University (2024008). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all the undergraduate nursing interns included in this study. RNs were eligible if they possessed a valid nursing license, were actively employed in clinical practice, and provided informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.