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Authors
Salama, May
Al-Taiar, Abdullah
McKinney, Denise C.
Chen, Li-Wu
Merchant, Anwar T.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
American Association of Public Health Dentistry
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Article History
Received: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and granted exempt status by the Old Dominion University Health Sciences Human Subjects Review Committee (Exemption #1973615-1) and the Virginia Department of Health Institutional Review Board (Exemption #50283). The data analyzed in this study were provided by the Virginia Department of Health in de-identified form under a data-use agreement. PRAMS is a public health surveillance system; therefore, written consent is waived, but participants provide informed verbal consent when completing the survey. As this study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data, no additional informed consent was required.
: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifiable data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
