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Authors
Alqadi, Soha Fuad
Algarni, Amnah A.
Tarawah, Raneem Ahmad
Sharbib, Shadan Hani
Alhazmi, Rana Tariq
Alaydaa, Rawan Mohammed
Baghlaf, Khlood
Sabbagh, Heba Jafar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-0379
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taibah University (447-15-1119)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 18 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University (REC No. TUCDREC/061123). An official approval letter was obtained from the Ministry of Education to conduct the study in primary schools in Madinah. Written informed consent was signed from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children prior to enrollment.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
