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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 13 March 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The Fifth German Oral Health Study (DMS V) has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the North Rhine medical association, Düsseldorf (DMS V registration number 2013384). This study is registered at the German Health Services Research Data Bank (DMS V registration number VfD_DMSV_13_002152). DMS were conducted in accordance with national law and the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (in its current, revised version) [ , ]. Participation in the study required written and signed informed consent from the selected participants. For participants younger than 16 years of age (12-year-olds in the DMS V sample), written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. In cases where adult participants (possibly in advanced years) were under legal guardianship, written consent was obtained from the respective legal guardian. All participants received detailed information about the purpose of the study and data protection procedures prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.