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Authors
Hu, Lei-Hao
Tang, Zu-Nan
Zhou, Zi-Qi
Liu, Yue
Zhang, Wen-Bo
Yu, Yao
Peng, Xin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Foundation of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSS202501011)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L232143)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L242031)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2402104)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Biomedical Institutional Review Board of Peking University School of Stomatology (approval number: PKUSSIRB-202389107).Written informed consent was not required for this study because all of the included patients in the present investigation were collected retrospectively. All of the patients enrolled in this study have received treatment in our department, and they have signed informed consent form before treatment, where they consented that their image data could been acquired for research use in our department. Based on these reasons, the application for free informed consent has been approved by the Biomedical Institutional Review Board of Peking University School of Stomatology. Exemption of informed consent will not affect the rights and health of included patients.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
