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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental protocols in this study, including the animal experiments and the use of human-derived cells for transplantation into animal models, were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Approval No. [2017]273).This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval covered the use of commercially obtained, de-identified human cells in vivo for tissue engineering and regenerative research purposes. The hBMSCs were obtained from Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, and HUVECs were purchased from Lonza©, Walkersville, MD. According to the providers, informed consent was obtained from all donors, and the procurement and research use of these cells were approved by the corresponding Institutional Review Board (IRB) or ethics committee. All cell samples were de-identified prior to distribution, and no personally identifiable information was accessible to the authors.The use of human-derived cells for in vivo transplantation experiments was explicitly covered by the approved experimental protocol. This study did not involve the generation of germline chimeras, neural tissue integration, or transplantation into reproductive organs. All experiments involving human cells in live animal models were conducted in compliance with internationally recognized ethical and biosafety standards, including International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) guidelines.All animal procedures, including surgical transplantation, postoperative monitoring, and euthanasia, were conducted in strict accordance with national regulations ARRIVE guidelines, with efforts made to minimize animal suffering and reduce animal use.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.