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Wang, Yuanchen https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2813-4034

Zhan, Zhengzhe https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2659-9943

Yan, Kaixiao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9946-0573

Gui, Jiayi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8272-6448

Guo, Xi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6730-0509

Zhong, Ruirui https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1307-1141

Yu, Zeyu https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0995-1232

Zhang, Baotian https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5043-5618

Xiong, Yutao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-4055

Tang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-2884

Liu, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1232-8308

Funding for this research was provided by:

Research and Development Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University (RD-03-202303)

Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2024NSFSC0659)

National Health Commission Hospital Management Institute “Clinical Application Research Project on Medical Artificial Intelligence” (YLXX24AIA009)

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Version of Record valid from 2026-05-26