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Article History

Received: 2 November 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved the ex vivo use of extracted human teeth and did not include any direct interaction with human participants. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Comissão de Ética Egas Moniz (approval no. 1342). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Extracted teeth that were scheduled for removal as part of routine dental care were obtained from patients attending Clínica Dentária Universitária Egas Moniz. Prior to tooth extraction, all patients received information about the potential research use of their extracted teeth and provided written informed consent for this use

: not applicable

: The authors declare no competing interests.