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Authors
Shamma, Bushra Munzer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0176-5860
Al Kurdi, Saleh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-5437
Laflouf, Mohannad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7505-8640
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Article History
Received: 27 December 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: Research protocol was registered by the Scientific Research Comity, Damascus University (106/SRC/Sep.23.2024). Ethical clearance (ID: 3836/M.S/2024) was obtained for conducting the study by the ethical review board of the faculty of dentistry and Damascus University, Syria.
: Informed consent for the use of extracted teeth in research and for the publication of anonymized study findings was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants. This consent procedure was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University (ID: 3836/M.S/2024).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
