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Authors
Khodir, Mahmoud Akram https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7195-9751
Osman, Saeeda Mahmoud
Ragab, Hala Ragaa
AboulHassan, Mamdouh Ahmed
Oraby, Mona Samy
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alexandria University
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 15 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB No.001056 – IORG 0008839). The protocol was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Written informed consent for publication was also obtained from the guardians of all children enrolled in the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
