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Article History

Received: 9 February 2026

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol received approval from the Umm Al-Qura University biomedical research ethics committee (HAPO-02-K-012-2023-05-1631), registered retrospectively on the 13th of Jan. 2026 in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT07332936), and all participants provided informed written consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.