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Authors
Zhang, Zheng
Qu, Chen
Lv, Chunxian
Jin, Zhiyuan
Mao, Tao
Wang, Furu
Zhang, Zhi
Sun, Zhida
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Preliminary Research Project on Standardization of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (BZ2025-Q029)
Jiangsu Provincial Occupational Health Research Project (JSZJ20251202)
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted after obtaining ethical approval from the National Center for Health Statistics Ethics Review Board, and all procedures were carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol numbers for each cycle of the NHANES from 2005 to 2018 are available on the webpage at . All participants provided informed consent before examinations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
