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Article History

Received: 20 December 2025

Accepted: 7 April 2026

First Online: 23 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University (approval No. 32525). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. As this was a retrospective study using pre-existing, fully anonymised CBCT data and involved no direct patient intervention, the requirement for individual informed consent was formally waived by the Ethics Committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.