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Authors
Helal, Narmin
Aljohani, Mohammed Ghazi
Aljohani, Ahmed Ghazi
Basri, Osama Adel
Al-Batayneh, Ola B.
Agha, Bahn
Quritum, Maryam
Almozughi, Mohanid
Zeinalddin, Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-8608
Abdulhameed, Nader
Alhalki, Hanaa Mohammed
Sabbagh, Heba Jafar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-0379
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
King Abdulaziz University Endowment (WAQF), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Accepted: 4 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (REC No: 57-05-25). All participants were informed of the study objectives and provided electronic informed consent before participation. Data were collected anonymously, and all procedures adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
