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Authors
Arslan Aydoğan, Deniz https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2670-5360
Cicek, Orhan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-6043
Yetmez, Mehmet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9120-1673
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2026
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (approval date: 31 May 2023; approval no: 2023/11–14). Written informed consent for orthodontic treatment was obtained from all patients prior to treatment initiation. As the study involved anonymized extracted teeth collected as part of routine clinical care, no additional informed consent was required for the purposes of this study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
