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Demographic prompt cues shift clinical recommendations in multimodal large language models: a multi-model audit of 25,380 dental radiograph assessments

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-08644-5

Published Online: 2026-05-28

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Saravi, Babak

Winkler, Ingrid

Singh, Daman Deep

Lommen, Julian

Wilkat, Max

Schorn, Lara

Vollmer, Andreas

Vollmer, Michael

Kübler, Norbert

Sproll, Christoph

Schrader, Felix
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf. Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-05-28

Version of Record valid from 2026-06-12
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Article History

Received: 4 April 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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