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Authors
El Gazar, Salma M.
El Backly, Rania N.
Lotfy, Walid A.
Moussa, Sybel M.
Mobarak, Ahmed M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3806-2528
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Alexandria University
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB by OHRP No. 00010556 ; IORG 0008839; Approval no. 0818-12/2023). The study complies with the declaration of Helsinki (June 1964 in Helsinki, Finland). This research was conducted using extracted human teeth collected following routine dental extractions for therapeutic reasons. As the samples were anonymized and no patient-identifying information was recorded, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
