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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This in vitro study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University (Approval number: FDASU-Rec ID032314). All human teeth used in this study were extracted for reasons unrelated to the current research, with all personal identifiers completely removed to ensure anonymity. Because the experimental design involved only the use of these de-identified, discarded biological materials, the need for informed consent to participate was officially waived by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.