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Authors
Alamoudi, Rana A.
Abudawood, Shahad N.
Abdulhameed, Fatma Dawood
Alnamnakani, Eman Abdulbaset
Rabah, Sari M.
Hamdan, Mustafa A.
Alhamlan, Nasir H.
Zeinalddin, Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-8608
Al-Batayneh, Ola B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-497X
Al Bulushi, Taimoor
AboulHassan, Mamdouh A.
Koraitim, Mohamed
Alkharafi, Lateefa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-7965
Almuqbali, Buthaina
Alghamdi, Sultan Musaad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-5885
Refahee, Shaimaa Mohsen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-1913
Quritum, Maryam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6857-3081
Taqi, Fatemah Fahad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-6615
Albassam, Bader https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5822-3624
Ayed, Mariam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-000X
Embaireeg, Alia
Alnahdi, Raqiya
Senguttuvan, Viswapurna
AlSharif, Mona Talal
Aljohar, Aziza Johar
Alrejaye, Najla Sulaiman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7113-7827
Al Halasa, Tamara
Basri, Osama Adel
Albatayneh, Mohammad A.
Almalik, Manal Ibrahim
Alhussain, Reema Mahdi
Khan, Muhammad Asjad
Yousaf, Muhammad Abrar
AlZabin, Alya
Kasem Albadani, Mohammed Sadeq
Almajed, Ebtesam
Albrahim, Razan A.
Aldawish, Reema A.
Alyahiwi, Lara S.
Alshabnan, Rand A.
Odeh, Ruba M.
Khader, Yousef S.
Sabbagh, Heba Jafar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-0379
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Article History
Received: 1 January 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approvals were obtained from the institutional review boards of all participating centers and countries. In Saudi Arabia, approvals were granted by the Research Ethics Committee of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) (257-07-21), the Institutional Review Board of the Ministry of Health in Jeddah (H-02-J-002), the Institutional Review Board of the Ministry of Health in Riyadh (H-01-R012), the Research Ethics Committee of King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital (KFAFH) (REC-391), and the Institutional Review Board of the Ministry of National Guard at King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) (H-01-R-005). Additional approvals were obtained from King Fahad Medical City (20–642), the Jordan University of Science and Technology (104/147/2022) in Jordan, the Scientific Ethics Committee of Fayoum University (R446-session 105) in Egypt, and the Institutional Review Board of Kuwait (IRB#2017 − 562). Informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The lead coordinating center for the study was King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
