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Authors
Che Rahimi, Fatimah
Francis, Jessica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2216-3922
Chai, Wen Lin
Lai, Pauline Siew Mei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dental Postgraduate Research Grant (UMG001E-2025)
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received ethical approval from the Medical Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya (Reference Number: DF CD 2435/0101 (L)) and the Medical Research Ethics Committee, University Malaya Medical Centre (ID No: 20241111–14392). All participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, and confidentiality of their responses. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study did not involve any individual person’s data, images, or identifiable information.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
