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Authors
Guo, Xiaoyang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-5737
Xiaowen, Yundeng https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0358-0235
Gao, Maomao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3856-8462
Fu, Yixuan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3906-447X
Zhao, Zengbo
Chen, Zhiyu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0277-3888
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hebei Medical Science Research Project (20220181)
Hebei Medical Science Research Project (20220181)
Hebei Medical Science Research Project (20220181)
Hebei Medical Science Research Project (20220181)
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2025
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study used extracted tooth samples that had been completely anonymized. The establishment received approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University (Approval No. 2017001). All samples were obtained with broad informed consent from donors for future research use. The use of these anonymized samples for the present analysis was deemed to be covered under the original ethical approval and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
