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Article History

Received: 20 April 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 8 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The “Regulations of the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Dentistry, Tsurumi University” define the scope of review as “medical and dental research involving human subjects” (Article 1). On this basis, ethical review approval was deemed unnecessary, as this was an in vitro experiment that did not involve human participants or biological samples and did not constitute an interventional or observational study involving human subjects. All five operators who performed the cleaning procedures were co-authors of this study; they participated voluntarily and provided consent for the collection and publication of their data. To ensure objectivity and privacy, all operator data were anonymized using identification numbers prior to analysis.The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, where applicable.

: All authors have provided consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.