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Article History

Received: 7 April 2026

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 6 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a purely in vitro laboratory investigation involving only anonymized extracted human teeth obtained from routine clinical dental procedures (primarily periodontal extractions). No human participants were enrolled, no experimental interventions were performed on living subjects, and no patient-identifiable data were collected or processed at any stage of the investigation. This study was conducted prior to the establishment of a dedicated Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University. At the time the study was initiated, the Postgraduate Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, served as the responsible institutional oversight body for postgraduate research conducted within the faculty. Informed consent was waived by the Postgraduate Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, on the basis that the study involved only fully anonymized extracted human teeth with no living participants or patient-identifiable data. No separate ethics approval reference number was issued under this process. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors declare no competing interests.