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Article History

Received: 2 March 2026

Accepted: 29 May 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Written informed consent was obtained from all MWCCS participants. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Under the single Institutional Review Board (sIRB) waiver granted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the study protocol received approval from the institutional review board at each participating data collection site. This analysis was approved by the Office of Human Research Ethics (OHRE) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

: Not applicable.

: CP, ANS, GD, DLJ, DG, VS, DW, MBD, and AAR received research grant funding from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study. TTB received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study and has served as a consultant to ViiV Healthcare, Merck, EMD-Serono, and Janssen. KMW serves as trustee for the Hektoen Institute of Medicine. MLA received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study, has served on an advisory board for Gilead Sciences, and received research funding from AbbVie. MAFM received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study and has served as a consultant and on an advisory board for ViiV Healthcare. CR, AE, MV, BB, BA, DM, KWC, DAJ, MB, JL, and SAS declare they have no competing interests.