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Authors
Ghafari, Sayed Shoaib
Hessari, Hossein
Fekrat, Mohammad Hasan
Shamshiri, Ahmad Reza
Seyedzadeh, Fatemeh
Heidari, Monire
Ghasemian, Anoosheh
Khami, Mohammad Reza
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deputy for Research, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (62793)
Deputy for Research, International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (62793)
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Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 25 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Approval Code: IR.TUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1402.018). Written informed consent forms were obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants aged 13 to 15 years old before their enrollment in the study. Informed assent was also acquired directly from the students during the data collection time. The clinical examinations were performed with permission of authorities in emigrational and educational sectors. Individuals were assured that their private information would remain confidential.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
