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Authors
Somkotra, Tewarit
Truong, Nhan Thu Le
Fakhruddin, Kausar Sadia
Pisarnturakit, Pagaporn Pantuwadee
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 26 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study utilized secondary data from the Thailand Health and Welfare Survey (HWS), conducted by National Statistical Office (NSO) of Thailand, Ministry of Digital Economy and Society (MDES). Ethical clearance for the original data collection was obtained from the NSO. As this study involved only the analysis of anonymized, aggregated secondary data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University (HREC-DCU 2025124). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or individual details).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
