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Authors
Shi, Jingcun
Wang, Jieyu
Wu, Ziqian
Zhang, Yuhan
Zhang, Bingqing
Gu, Liwei
Wang, Lei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202340135)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970907)
Development Fund for National Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Stomatology (TSMS202501)
Special Fund for RCT of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital (JYXK-2026-002)
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2025
Accepted: 18 June 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital(SH9H-2018-T95-2) and followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients were informed and consented.
Consent for publication: The patient gave written informed consent for their personal or clinical details along with any identifying images to be published in this study. The photos included in the manuscript had been approved by the patients.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
