Zhu, Yiran https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8975-5087
Yin, Xia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8278-6139
Goldsamt, Lloyd A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9401-4005
Chi, Meixuan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9028-2423
Hu, Die https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4573-0492
Cao, Guiying
Li, Xianhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-7693
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hospital-level Youth Innovation Fund of Changsha First Hospital (Y2024-03)
China Medical Board (22-‐465)
Hainan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (ZDYF2024SHFZ042)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72574244)
Article History
Received: 6 May 2026
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 6 July 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Behavioral and Nursing Research of Central South University, Xiangya School of Nursing (Project No. E202504). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.