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Language-dependent performance variation in large language models for dental trauma management: a comparative evaluation of ChatGPT-5.2, Gemini 3.0, and Claude 4.5 Sonnet

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-09191-9

Published Online: 2026-07-20

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Öz, Hasan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-1445
Dundar, Mehmet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-0803
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-20

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-07-20
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Article History

Received: 1 February 2026

Accepted: 1 July 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study analyzed AI-generated responses to fictional clinical scenarios without human participant involvement or use of patient data.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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