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Authors
Yang, Jiayi
Li, Mingming
Wang, Shuhua
Shi, Zhuojin
Fang, Jinhua
Zheng, Pei
Wu, Zhiwu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the College Student Science and Technology Innovation Activity Program (Xinmiao Talent Program) of Zhejiang Province (2025R410A034)
Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project of Zhejiang Chinese medical university (YB24020)
the Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project of Zhejiang Province (JGBA2024775)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82501131)
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 20 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Ethics Committee (protocol number: ZCMUHSIRB-2025031003. Date: 20 March 2025). Additional file 5 contains the original ethical approval document for this study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. The consent was implied by voluntary completion and submission of the online questionnaire. The study information and consent statement were presented on the first page of the questionnaire, and participants were required to confirm their willingness to participate before proceeding (see Supplementary Material 2 ).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Clinical trial number: Not applicable.
