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Authors
Li, Ziyang
Zhu, Rong
Cui, Zhijun
Tang, Guangyu
Zhang, Lin
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 18 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: According to the “Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans” (Article 32 of the National Health Science and Education Development [2023] No. 4 document), research that uses human information data without causing harm to humans, involves sensitive personal information, or involves commercial interests can be exempted from ethical review. Due to the fact that our study only involved secondary analysis of retrospective data that was de identified, without intervention or potential harm to patients, and without sensitive personal information or commercial interests, ethical approval can be waived.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
