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Quality, readability, originality, and guideline concordance of ChatGPT 5.5 Plus and Gemini 3.1 Pro responses to parent-oriented questions in pediatric dentistry: a comparative cross-sectional study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-09372-6

Published Online: 2026-07-28

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Karaoğlan, Hakan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0052-0973
Karaoğlan, Neslihan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-0768
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-07-28

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-07-28
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Article History

Received: 25 May 2026

Accepted: 16 July 2026

First Online: 28 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study did not involve patients, patient records, identifiable personal data, biological samples, clinical images, or clinical intervention. The specialist pediatric dentists contributed only professional judgments on anonymized text outputs, and no personal or sensitive data were collected. Therefore, formal ethics committee approval and informed consent were not required.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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