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Authors
Liu, Juan
Wang, Yilin
Hu, Xiaoli
Xiao, Mo
Zuo, Zhigang
Wang, Yuanyuan
Yin, Bin
Wu, Ligeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tianjin Science and Technology Popularization Project (24KPHDRC00190)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2026
Accepted: 16 July 2026
First Online: 25 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present study was approved by the Tianjin Medical University Dental Hospital Ethics Committee(TMUhMEC20210220) on February 20, 2021. The research was performed in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants aged ≥ 16 years and from the parents or legal guardians of participants aged < 16 years after a full explanation of the study purposes, procedures, potential risks, and data protection measures. The research was performed in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. No identifiable personal information (e.g., images, videos, or clinical details that could reveal a participant’s identity) is included in this manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
