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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Peking University School of Stomatology. (Approval number: PKUSSIRB-201525111), and all patients were duly informed about the study and provided written informed consent. All records were de-identified before being enrolled in the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects/or their legal guardian(s) for the use of their records. Neither minors without guardians accompanied nor illiterates were included in this study.

Consent for publication: All adolescent participants enrolled in this study were minors aged 10–15 years. Written informed consent for publishing clinical data, individual dental records and identifiable intraoral/facial images related to this research was obtained from both the adolescents and their legal guardians prior to data collection. All personal identifying information of participants was fully de-identified in the manuscript, tables and figures to protect patient privacy. Therefore, consent for publication is available and documented in our research archive.

Competing interests.: The authors declare no competing interests.