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Article History

Received: 31 January 2026

Accepted: 20 August 2026

First Online: 28 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective cohort study was approved by the İnönü University Health Sciences Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (No. 2023/4675). Written informed consent for orthodontic treatment and the use of clinical records for research purposes had been obtained from all participants, and the corresponding consent forms were available in the Faculty archive. Owing to the retrospective design, the requirement for additional study-specific informed consent was waived by the ethics committee. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not Applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to format and visually enhance Figure 2. The authors reviewed the output and take full responsibility for the publication’s content.