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Article History

Received: 27 June 2026

Accepted: 4 September 2026

First Online: 10 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not involve human participants, human biological materials, human tissues, identifiable personal data, patient records, clinical images, or animal subjects. The dataset consisted exclusively of publicly available Turkish Dentistry Specialization Examination (DUS) questions and responses generated by commercially available AI platforms. The two restorative dentistry specialists involved in question classification were members of the author team and contributed only to expert-based categorization of publicly available examination questions; they were not recruited as study participants, and no personal or sensitive data were collected from them. Therefore, ethics committee approval was not required, and the requirement for informed consent to participate was not applicable. The study was conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines and regulations, and with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki where applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.