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Article History

Received: 5 October 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Sydney Local Health District HREC 2019/ETH07984 on 21st September 2017. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. This study adhered to the declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

: The authors report funding from the Australian National Palliative Care Clinical Studies Collaborative, IMPACCT:NSW, the University of Technology Sydney, Sydney Local Health District that supported this study. AR reports in-kind support from her employer, the University of Tasmania for time spent on the project including manuscript preparation. Outside of this work: BB is an independent statistical consultant who has received consulting fees to her company from a number of pharmaceutical and medical device organizations outside of this work, but none relating to the manufacturer(s) of lidocaine. GA is a board member of the World Health Palliative Care Alliance and is the chair of the Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care network, for which no payments are received. KU is a member of the Medication Safety Expert Advisory Committee (MSEAC), for which no payments are received. PV reports grants from the End of Life Directions for Agent Care funded by the Department of Health and Aged Care; Bereavement in Residential Aged Care grant funded by SA Health and a grant from Australian Digital Health Agency. PV also reports being a member of the Australian Institute of Digital Health’s Nursing and Midwifery in Digital Health committee, for which PV receives no payment. There are no other conflicts of interest to declare.