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Authors
Zhang, Zhenshuang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8746-1438
Yang, Lida
Zong, Xiao
Kardiyudiani, Ni Ketut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-8174
Han, Li
Xie, Rui
Zhang, Rui
Ma, Chunting
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Heilongjiang Nursing College Project (202401012)
the Heilongjiang Vocational Education and Continuing Education Teaching Reform Research Project (SJGZY2024081)
the Research Project of the Heilongjiang Provincial Health Commission (20251414050271)
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by Ethics Committee of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approval Number: KY2023-066). After the introduction of the study purpose, the nursing interns were asked whether they would like to participate in the survey. The official survey interface would be entered after clicking “Agree to participate”. All nursing students signed the electronic informed consent via Internet Questionnaire. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
