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Authors
Ladan, Muhammad Awwal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-6349
Salifu, Yakubu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-3010
Alshammari, Muna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7286-3556
Lawal, Bilkisu Kankia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5021-9989
Ibrahim, Abdullahi Haruna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0429-0602
Adam, Muhammad Abdullahi
Musa, Halima Abdul
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Article History
Received: 26 September 2025
Accepted: 7 July 2026
First Online: 10 July 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Kano State Ministry of Health Ethics Committee, with reference number NHREC/03/07/2018. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation, and the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All participants provided consent for anonymised data to be used in publications arising from this research. No identifying information is included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
